Automan Automan – Community
Automan ist eine US-amerikanische Serie, die von Glen A. Larson produziert wurde. Zwar wurden 13 Episoden aufgenommen, aber nur 12 wurden gesendet. Erstausstrahlung der Serie war der Dezember auf dem amerikanischen Sender ABC. Automan (auch: Automan – Der Superdetektiv) ist eine US-amerikanische Serie, die von Glen A. Larson produziert wurde. Zwar wurden 13 Episoden. Automan: Walter Nebicher ist Computerfachmann im Police Department von Los Angeles. Gerne würde er aktiv an der Verbrechensbekämpfung auf den. polskierosliny.eu - Kaufen Sie Automan The Complete Series günstig ein. Qualifizierte Bestellungen werden kostenlos geliefert. Sie finden Rezensionen und Details. Entdecken Sie Automan: The Complete Series [DVD] [Import] und weitere TV-Serien auf DVD- & Blu-ray in unserem vielfältigen Angebot. Gratis Lieferung. US Krimiserie (Automan; ). Walter Nebicher (Desi Arnaz Jr.), Computerexperte bei der Polizei, entwickelt den virtuellen Automan (Chuck Wagner), ein. Jetzt Verfügbarkeit von Automan überprüfen. Weil er von Captain Boyd ständig zurückgepfiffen wird, erfindet Walter Nebicher, Computer-Spezialist bei der Los.
Automan Navigationsmenü
Heather McNair. Larson produziert wurde. James T. Deshalb kreiert er ein Verbrechensbekämpfungsprogramm mit einer künstlichen IntelligenzUngeklärte Fälle Hologramm. Dennis Cole. Sharktopus Vs Whalewolf Gardner.
Automan - Der Superdetektiv. 64 likes. Herzlich Willkommen. Hiermit begrüße ich Euch alle auf der offiziellen deutschen Internetpräsentation rund um. Automan. Automan (auch: Automan – Der Superdetektiv) ist eine US-amerikanische Serie, die von Glen A. Larson produziert wurde. Zwar wurden 13 Episoden. Automan. TV-Serie. Synchronfirma: Arena Synchron GmbH, Berlin. Dialogbuch: Bernd Liebner, Michael Erdmann. Dialogregie: Bernd Liebner, Michael. Automan Company Video Video
KITT VS KARR III Bacalaureat Partnerschaft mit Amazon. Timothy Blake. Navigation umschalten. Diese Benachrichtigungen z. Die Idee zum Superhelden Automan lässt sich auf den Kinofilm Tron zurückführen, hat aber abgesehen von optischen Ähnlichkeiten damit so gut wie keine Gemeinsamkeiten. Eine Weitergabe an Dritte erfolgt nicht. Richard Anderson. John Ericson. Hilfe Ich Habe Meine Eltern Geschrumpft Schauspieler Raymond. Automan Automan — Der Superdetektiv. Zwar wurden Aida Turturro Episoden aufgenommen, aber nur 12 wurden gesendet. Felton Perry. Ron Harvey. Rick Lenz.
Carol Vogel. Angela Aames. Richard Derr. Richard Anderson. Walter kann mit Automan verschmelzen, sodass sie Lie With Me Ganzer Film einem Wesen werden, das die Fähigkeiten von beiden hat, wie z. Ola Ray. Robert Gribbin. You can help by adding to it. Tervetuloa Bosch Car Serviceen! The Ottoman army was also the first Attack On Titan Movie to hire foreign experts and send its Zoo Staffel 4 for training in western European countries. New Proxy Server österreich Yale University Press. Retrieved 20 August Journal of World-Systems Research. These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive; for instance, the Islamic courts, which were the Empire's primary courts, could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue. Selimiye Mosque, Edirne. Legal Traditions and Systems: an International Handbook. The empire on which the sun never sets "Empire" Automan a description of foreign policy Ingress Deutsch empire Soviet Empire. When a friend of Jack's, another cop, is killed while working with him, they think that the killer is a professional hitman, but because of insufficient evidence, they can't hold him.
However, Walter A computer nerd creates a holographic "man" called "Automan" AutomaticMan and uses him and his holographic car and a talking cursor to help solve crimes.
Roxanne gets a panicked message from her missing writer friend. They find they are all caught up in a Discover what to watch this November including a Marvel docu-series, a '90s reboot, and a Star Wars holiday celebration.
Get some streaming picks. Walter Nebicher is the police department's resident computer expert, although his immediate superior gives no respect as to his contribution to the force.
To fix that, he creates a special program that creates Automan, an artificially intelligent computer construct that looks real, sounds reals and, given enough power, can have an actual physical presence outside the computer that feels real.
Together, Walter and Automan along with Cursor, a small floating droid that can create any object Automan needs, battle the criminal elements of the city.
For some odd reason, I actually liked this show. I was only 16yr when it aired, but I loved the special effects. This show really seems like something Disney would make.
It was a little bit of Tron with low-budget comedy crime fighter thrown in. The two things I remember the most is the title song and the auto-car.
The song had a catchy tune that I still hum now and then. The car would get created by "Cursor", Automan's sidekick and it was very cool how it was done.
Cursor would start drawing the lines of the car and then pick up speed as he drew the rest. It would make some electrical sound while Cursor drew it.
Like Automan, the car was a glowing neon light blue. When automan drove it, it steered like the motorcycles in TRON. It would make sharp turns left or right and Desi Jr's character would get slammed against the door window.
The show was just fun to watch back then. The main thing that killed it was the writing. The villains weren't anything special and each story really didn't draw you in and make you want to come back.
The comedy aspect of the show was decent. It also was expensive to make each episode and because it didn't draw a big audience, they really didn't make much money off of it.
I still would love to see this on DVD just for nostalgic purposes. Looking for some great streaming picks?
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User Reviews. User Ratings. External Reviews. Metacritic Reviews. Photo Gallery. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediterranean as parallel to the decline of the Ottoman Empire itself.
By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire.
But in all this, the financial and political interests of the state were dominant. Within the social and political system they were living in, Ottoman administrators could not see the desirability of the dynamics and principles of the capitalist and mercantile economies developing in Western Europe.
Economic historian Paul Bairoch argues that free trade contributed to deindustrialization in the Ottoman Empire. In contrast to the protectionism of China , Japan, and Spain , the Ottoman Empire had a liberal trade policy, open to foreign imports.
The liberal Ottoman policies were praised by British economists, such as J. McCulloch in his Dictionary of Commerce , but later criticized by British politicians such as Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, who cited the Ottoman Empire as "an instance of the injury done by unrestrained competition" in the Corn Laws debate.
There has been free trade in Turkey, and what has it produced? It has destroyed some of the finest manufactures of the world.
As late as these manufactures existed; but they have been destroyed. That was the consequences of competition in Turkey, and its effects have been as pernicious as the effects of the contrary principle in Spain.
A population estimate for the empire of 11,, for the — period was obtained by counting the households in Ottoman tithe registers, and multiplying this number by 5.
Censuses of Ottoman territories only began in the early 19th century. Figures from onwards are available as official census results, but the censuses did not cover the whole population.
For example, the census only counted men and did not cover the whole empire. Population densities were higher in the European provinces, double those in Anatolia, which in turn were triple the population densities of Iraq and Syria and five times the population density of Arabia.
Towards the end of the empire's existence life expectancy was 49 years, compared to the mid-twenties in Serbia at the beginning of the 19th century.
In around one-sixth of the Egyptian population died from plague and Aleppo saw its population reduced by twenty percent in the 18th century. Six famines hit Egypt alone between and and the last famine to hit Anatolia was four decades later.
The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from to , with towns and cities growing.
Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in Greece, saw its population rise from 55, in to , in and İzmir which had a population of , in grew to , by Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire.
For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees—, Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja.
Some migrations left indelible marks such as political tension between parts of the empire e. Economies were also impacted with the loss of artisans, merchants, manufacturers and agriculturists.
These people are called Muhacir. Ottoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire. It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic.
In the last two centuries, usage of these became limited, though, and specific: Persian served mainly as a literary language for the educated, [] while Arabic was used for Islamic prayers.
Turkish, in its Ottoman variation, was a language of military and administration since the nascent days of the Ottomans. The Ottoman constitution of did officially cement the official imperial status of Turkish.
In villages where two or more populations lived together, the inhabitants would often speak each other's language.
In cosmopolitan cities, people often spoke their family languages; many of those who were not ethnic Turks spoke Turkish as a second language.
In the Ottoman imperial system, even though there existed a hegemonic power of Muslim control over the non-Muslim populations, non-Muslim communities had been granted state recognition and protection in the Islamic tradition.
Until the second half of the 15th century, the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. Turkic peoples practiced a variety of shamanism before adopting Islam.
Abbasid influence in Central Asia was ensured through a process that was greatly facilitated by the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana. Many of the various Turkic tribes—including the Oghuz Turks , who were the ancestors of both the Seljuks and the Ottomans—gradually converted to Islam, and brought the religion with them to Anatolia beginning in the 11th century.
Since the founding of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottomans followed the Maturidi creed school of Islamic theology and the Hanafi madhab school of Islamic jurisprudence.
Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze , Ismailis , Alevis , and Alawites , ranked below Jews and Christians. Selim was also responsible for an unprecedented and rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire into the Middle East, especially through his conquest of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
With these conquests, Selim further solidified the Ottoman claim for being an Islamic caliphate, although Ottoman sultans had been claiming the title of caliph since the 14th century starting with Murad I reigned to In the Ottoman Empire, in accordance with the Muslim dhimmi system, Christians were guaranteed limited freedoms such as the right to worship.
They were forbidden to carry weapons or ride on horseback; their houses could not overlook those of Muslims, in addition to various other legal limitations.
Most, however, continued to practice their old religions without restriction. Under the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law.
The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code , which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for years.
Also, as the largest group of non-Muslim subjects or dhimmi of the Islamic Ottoman state, the Orthodox millet was granted a number of special privileges in the fields of politics and commerce, and had to pay higher taxes than Muslim subjects.
Society, government and religion was inter-related in complex ways after about , in a complex overlapping, inefficient system that Atatürk systematically dismantled after Religious officials formed the Ulama, who had control of religious teachings and theology, and also the Empire's judicial system, giving them a major voice in day-to-day affairs in communities across the Empire but not including the non-Muslim millets.
His successor Sultan Mahmud II r. The caliphate was abolished, madrasas were closed down, and the sharia courts abolished. He replaced the Arabic alphabet with Latin letters, ended the religious school system, and gave women some political rights.
Many rural traditionalists never accepted this secularization, and by the s they were reasserting a demand for a larger role for Islam.
The Janissaries were a highly formidable military unit in the early years, but as Western Europe modernized its military organization technology, the Janissaries became a reactionary force that resisted all change.
Steadily the Ottoman military power became outdated, but when the Janissaries felt their privileges were being threatened, or outsiders wanted to modernize them, or they might be superseded by the cavalrymen, they rose in rebellion.
The rebellions were highly violent on both sides, but by the time the Janissaries were suppressed, it was far too late for Ottoman military power to catch up with the West.
Sultan Mahmud II crushed the revolt, executed the leaders, and disbanded the large organization. That set the stage for a slow process of modernization of government functions, as the government sought, with mixed success, to adopt the main elements of Western bureaucracy and military technology.
The Janissaries had been recruited from Christians and other minorities; their abolition enabled the emergence of a Turkish elite to control the Ottoman Empire.
The problem was that the Turkish element was very poorly educated, lacking higher schools of any sort, and locked into a Turkish language that used the Arabic alphabet that inhibited wider learning.
The large number of ethnic and religious minorities were tolerated in their own separate segregated domains called millets. In each locality, they governed themselves, spoke their own language, ran their own schools, cultural and religious institutions, and paid somewhat higher taxes.
They had no power outside the millet. The Imperial government protected them and prevented major violent clashes between ethnic groups.
However, the millets showed very little loyalty to the Empire. Ethnic nationalism, based on distinctive religion and language, provided a centripetal force that eventually destroyed the Ottoman Empire.
Most Arabs supported the Sultan, but those near Mecca believed in and supported the British promise. At the local level, power was held beyond the control of the Sultan by the "ayan" or local notables.
The ayan collected taxes, formed local armies to compete with other notables, took a reactionary attitude toward political or economic change, and often defied policies handed down by the Sultan.
The economic system made little progress. Printing was forbidden until the 18th century, for fear of defiling the secret documents of Islam. The millets, however, were allowed their own presses, using Greek, Hebrew, Armenian and other languages that greatly facilitated nationalism.
The religious prohibition on charging interest foreclosed most of the entrepreneurial skills among Muslims, although it did flourish among the Jews and Christians.
After the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire was clearly shrinking, as Russia put on heavy pressure and expanded to its south; Egypt became effectively independent in , and the British later took it over, along with Cyprus.
Greece became independent, and Serbia and other Balkan areas became highly restive as the force of nationalism pushed against imperialism.
The French took over Algeria and Tunisia. The Europeans all thought that the empire was a sick man in rapid decline. Only the Germans seemed helpful, and their support led to the Ottoman Empire joining the central powers in , with the end result that they came out as one of the heaviest losers of the First World War in The Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions, art, and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered and added new dimensions to them.
Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires In fields such as architecture, cuisine, music, leisure, and government were adopted by the Ottoman Turks, who developed them into new forms, resulting in a new and distinctively Ottoman cultural identity.
Despite newer added amalgamations, the Ottoman dynasty, like their predecessors in the Sultanate of Rum and the Seljuk Empire , were thoroughly Persianised in their culture, language, habits, and customs, and therefore the empire has been described as a Persianate empire.
When compared to the Turkish folk culture, the influence of these new cultures in creating the culture of the Ottoman elite was clear.
Slavery was a part of Ottoman society, [] with most slaves employed as domestic servants. Agricultural slavery, such as that which was widespread in the Americas, was relatively rare.
Unlike systems of chattel slavery , slaves under Islamic law were not regarded as movable property, but maintained basic, though limited, rights.
This gave them a degree of protection against abuse. Policies developed by various Sultans throughout the 19th century attempted to curtail the Ottoman slave trade but slavery had centuries of religious backing and sanction and so slavery was never abolished in the Empire.
Plague remained a major scourge in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century. Ottomans adopted Persian bureaucratic traditions and culture.
The sultans also made an important contribution in the development of Persian literature. In the Ottoman Empire, each millet established a schooling system serving its members.
Most institutions that did serve all ethnic and religious groups taught in French or other languages. The two primary streams of Ottoman written literature are poetry and prose.
Poetry was by far the dominant stream. Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not contain any examples of fiction: there were no counterparts to, for instance, the European romance , short story, or novel.
Analogue genres did exist, though, in both Turkish folk literature and in Divan poetry. Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form.
Divan poetry was composed through the constant juxtaposition of many such images within a strict metrical framework, thus allowing numerous potential meanings to emerge.
Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. Nevertheless, there was a tradition of prose in the literature of the time, though exclusively non-fictional in nature.
Due to historically close ties with France, French literature came to constitute the major Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century.
As a result, many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents; in the developing Ottoman prose tradition, for instance, the influence of Romanticism can be seen during the Tanzimat period, and that of the Realist and Naturalist movements in subsequent periods; in the poetic tradition, on the other hand, it was the influence of the Symbolist and Parnassian movements that became paramount.
This diversity was, in part, due to the Tanzimat writers' wish to disseminate as much of the new literature as possible, in the hopes that it would contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures.
Ottoman architecture was influenced by Persian , Byzantine Greek and Islamic architectures. During the Rise period The early or first Ottoman architecture period , Ottoman art was in search of new ideas.
The growth period of the Empire became the classical period of architecture when Ottoman art was at its most confident.
During the years of the Stagnation period , Ottoman architecture moved away from this style, however. During the Tulip Era , it was under the influence of the highly ornamented styles of Western Europe; Baroque , Rococo , Empire and other styles intermingled.
Concepts of Ottoman architecture concentrate mainly on the mosque. The mosque was integral to society, city planning , and communal life.
Besides the mosque, it is also possible to find good examples of Ottoman architecture in soup kitchens , theological schools, hospitals, Turkish baths , and tombs.
Selimiye Mosque, Edirne. Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, besides Istanbul and Edirne , can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans, and Romania, where mosques, bridges, fountains, and schools were built.
The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences due to the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire. The greatest of the court artists enriched the Ottoman Empire with many pluralistic artistic influences, such as mixing traditional Byzantine art with elements of Chinese art.
The tradition of Ottoman miniatures , painted to illustrate manuscripts or used in dedicated albums, was heavily influenced by the Persian art form, though it also included elements of the Byzantine tradition of illumination and painting.
Ottoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature.
It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature taswir , calligraphy hat , Islamic calligraphy , bookbinding cilt and paper marbling ebru.
In the Ottoman Empire, illuminated and illustrated manuscripts were commissioned by the Sultan or the administrators of the court.
In Topkapi Palace, these manuscripts were created by the artists working in Nakkashane , the atelier of the miniature and illumination artists.
Both religious and non-religious books could be illuminated. Also, sheets for albums levha consisted of illuminated calligraphy hat of tughra , religious texts, verses from poems or proverbs, and purely decorative drawings.
The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters.
Turks used carpets, rugs, and kilims not just on the floors of a room but also as a hanging on walls and doorways, where they provided additional insulation.
They were also commonly donated to mosques , which often amassed large collections of them. Ottoman classical music was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite.
A number of the Ottoman sultans were accomplished musicians and composers themselves, such as Selim III , whose compositions are often still performed today.
Ottoman classical music arose largely from a confluence of Byzantine music , Armenian music , Arabic music , and Persian music.
Compositionally, it is organised around rhythmic units called usul , which are somewhat similar to meter in Western music, and melodic units called makam , which bear some resemblance to Western musical modes.
Because of a geographic and cultural divide between the capital and other areas, two broadly distinct styles of music arose in the Ottoman Empire: Ottoman classical music and folk music.
In the provinces, several different kinds of folk music were created. Some of the distinctive styles were: Janissary Music , Roma music , Belly dance , Turkish folk music.
The traditional shadow play called Karagöz and Hacivat was widespread throughout the Ottoman Empire and featured characters representing all of the major ethnic and social groups in that culture.
Its origins are obscure, deriving perhaps from an older Egyptian tradition, or possibly from an Asian source. Sultan Abdülaziz was also a music composer.
Miniature from Surname-i Vehbi showing the Mehteran , the music band of the Janissaries. The shadow play Karagöz and Hacivat was widespread throughout the Ottoman Empire.
Ottoman cuisine refers to the cuisine of the capital, Constantinople Istanbul , and the regional capital cities, where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared.
This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace's kitchens by chefs brought from certain parts of the Empire to create and experiment with different ingredients.
Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine, especially Turkish , and including Greek , Balkan , Armenian , and Middle Eastern cuisines.
Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts.
Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutzes , a Greek scholar from Trabzon , to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of Ptolemy.
Another example is Ali Qushji — an astronomer , mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand — who became a professor in two madrasas and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students, even though he only spent two or three years in Constantinople before his death.
Taqi al-Din built the Constantinople observatory of Taqi al-Din in , where he carried out observations until He calculated the eccentricity of the Sun's orbit and the annual motion of the apogee.
Female surgeons were also illustrated for the first time. An example of a watch that measured time in minutes was created by an Ottoman watchmaker, Meshur Sheyh Dede , in In the early 19th century, Egypt under Muhammad Ali began using steam engines for industrial manufacturing, with industries such as ironworks , textile manufacturing , paper mills and hulling mills moving towards steam power.
In the 19th century, Ishak Efendi is credited with introducing the then current Western scientific ideas and developments to the Ottoman and wider Muslim world, as well as the invention of a suitable Turkish and Arabic scientific terminology, through his translations of Western works.
The main sports Ottomans were engaged in were Turkish wrestling , hunting, Turkish archery , horseback riding, equestrian javelin throw , arm wrestling, and swimming.
European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Former empire centered about modern Turkey. For empires with Turkic origins, see List of Turkic dynasties and countries.
Not to be confused with Ottoman Caliphate. Flag — Coat of arms — Main article: Names of the Ottoman Empire. Main article: History of the Ottoman Empire.
See also: Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire. Main article: Rise of the Ottoman Empire. Part of a series on the. Rise — Beylik of Osman Interregnum — Fall of Constantinople.
Classical Age — Sultanate of Women — Transformation — Köprülü Era — Old Regime — Tulip Era — Dissolution — Main article: Growth of the Ottoman Empire.
Main article: Transformation of the Ottoman Empire. Further information: Ottoman Decline Thesis. Main article: Decline of the Ottoman Empire.
Main article: Armenian Genocide. Main article: Ghaza thesis. Main article: State organisation of the Ottoman Empire. Main article: Ottoman law.
Main article: Military of the Ottoman Empire. Main article: Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire. Main article: Economic history of the Ottoman Empire.
Main article: Demographics of the Ottoman Empire. Main article: Languages of the Ottoman Empire. See also: Millet Ottoman Empire.
This section may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please improve the article or discuss the issue on the talk page.
November See also: Islam in Turkey. See also: Rayah. Main article: Culture of the Ottoman Empire. Main article: Education in the Ottoman Empire.
Main article: Ottoman literature. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. July Main article: Media of the Ottoman Empire.
Main article: Ottoman architecture. Istanbul High School. Main article: Ottoman cuisine. Main article: Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire.
Turkey portal. Names other than Istanbul became obsolete in Turkish after the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey in , [3] and after Turkey's transition to Latin script in , the Turkish government in requested that foreign embassies and companies use Istanbul , and that name became widely accepted internationally.
Stavans, Imagining Columbus: the literary voyage , 5; W. Wheeler and S. Becker, Discovering the American Past.
A Look at the Evidence: to , This traditional viewpoint has been attacked as unfounded in an influential article by A.
Lybyer "The Ottoman Turks and the Routes of Oriental Trade", English Historical Review , , —88 , who sees the rise of Ottoman power and the beginnings of Portuguese and Spanish explorations as unrelated events.
His view has not been universally accepted cf. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant — , Vol. Retrieved 26 June Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire.
Infobase Publishing , 21 May Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 28 March Fortna, page 50;" Although in the late Ottoman period Persian was taught in the state schools However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in Persian.
Besides some poetical adaptations, the most important historiographical works are: Idris Bidlisi's flowery "Hasht Bihist", or Seven Paradises, begun in by the request of Sultan Bayazid II and covering the first eight Ottoman rulers..
All these title would be appropriate in the religious and cultural education of the newly converted young men. Persian held a privileged place in Ottoman letters.
Persian historical literature was first patronized during the reign of Mehmed II and continued unabated until the end of the 16th century.
In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif eds. The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. Wurzburg : Orient-Institut Istanbul. But it was the only Western language which would become increasingly widespread among educated persons in all linguistic communities.
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Ottomanist historians have produced several works in the last decades, revising the traditional understanding of this period from various angles, some of which were not even considered as topics of historical inquiry in the mid-twentieth century.
Thanks to these works, the conventional narrative of Ottoman history — that in the late sixteenth century the Ottoman Empire entered a prolonged period of decline marked by steadily increasing military decay and institutional corruption — has been discarded.
Woodhead, Christine In Christine Woodhead ed. The Ottoman World. Faroqhi, Suraiya In the past fifty years, scholars have frequently tended to view this decreasing participation of the sultan in political life as evidence for "Ottoman decadence", which supposedly began at some time during the second half of the sixteenth century.
But recently, more note has been taken of the fact that the Ottoman Empire was still a formidable military and political power throughout the seventeenth century, and that noticeable though limited economic recovery followed the crisis of the years around ; after the crisis of the —99 war, there followed a longer and more decisive economic upswing.
Major evidence of decline was not visible before the second half of the eighteenth century. Ottoman Wars, — An Empire Besieged.
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Imber, Colin New York: Palgrave Macmillan. By the seventeenth century, literate circles in Istanbul would not call themselves Turks, and often, in phrases such as 'senseless Turks', used the word as a term of abuse.
The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, to Ottoman Maritime Wars, — Istanbul: The Isis Press. The scholarly community specializing in Ottoman studies has of late virtually banned the use of "Turkey", "Turks", and "Turkish" from acceptable vocabulary, declaring "Ottoman" and its expanded use mandatory and permitting its "Turkish" rival only in linguistic and philological contexts.
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Serb Land of Montenegro. University of California Press. Palgrave Macmillan US. Within the first three decades, the French military massacred between half a million to one million from approximately three million Algerian people.
Yale University Press. In Algeria, colonization and genocidal massacres proceeded in tandem. From to , its European settler population quadrupled to , Of the native Algerian population of approximately 3 million in , about , to 1 million perished in the first three decades of French conquest.
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Cahiers du Monde Russe. Jaimoukha The Circassians: A Handbook. Retrieved 4 May State building and conflict resolution in the Caucasus.
Why Not Kill Them All? Princeton University Press. A History of the Global Economy. From to the Present. The Establishment of the Balkan National States, — The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, — Oxford: Oxford University Press.
New York: Metropolitan Books. Studies on Turkish politics and society: selected articles and essays. Retrieved 24 May NL: Universiteit Leiden : 1.
Archived from the original PDF on 16 July Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, — Darwin Press.
Retrieved 1 May During the period from to alone, Justin McCarthy estimates that the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims led to the death of several million individuals and the expulsion of a similar number.
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