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Die RMS Titanic war ein Passagierschiff der britischen Reederei White Star Line. Sie wurde in Belfast auf der Werft von Harland & Wolff gebaut und war bei der Indienststellung am 2. April das größte Schiff der Welt. Die RMS Titanic (englisch [taɪˈtænɪk]; die deutsche Aussprache ist ebenfalls üblich) war ein Passagierschiff der britischen Reederei White Star Line. Titanic [taɪˈtænɪk] ist ein US-amerikanisches Spielfilmdrama aus dem Jahr unter der Regie von James Cameron, das die Geschichte der Jungfernfahrt. Leider ist die Hauck & Bauer-Ausstellung im Caricatura Museum Frankfurt derzeit geschlossen. Trotzen Sie mit TITANIC dem Lockdown und bestaunen Sie den. Lebensjahr beschäftigt er sich mit der Titanic und ihrer Geschichte. Er ist einer der Begründer der»Arbeitsgemeinschaft Historische Dampfschifffahrt«, sowie. Layout und Umschlaggestaltung: Henning Pfeifer Titanic Post Nr. Titelbild: Die ausgediente Olympic wird zerlegt. (Newcastle Technology Special. Die Titanic auf Erfolgskurs Als die Titanic am April um Uhr ihren Ankerplatz vor Queenstown in Richtung New York verließ, ahnte keiner der.
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Won 11 Oscars. Jack Dawson Kate Winslet Rose Dewitt Bukater Billy Zane Cal Hockley Kathy Bates Molly Brown Frances Fisher Ruth Dewitt Bukater Gloria Stuart Old Rose Bill Paxton Brock Lovett Bernard Hill Captain Smith David Warner Spicer Lovejoy Victor Garber Thomas Andrews Jonathan Hyde Bruce Ismay Suzy Amis Lizzy Calvert Lewis Abernathy Lewis Bodine Nicholas Cascone Bobby Buell Anatoly M.
Anatoly Milkailavich as Dr. Anatoly M. Edit Did You Know? Titanic Making of 2 Legendado. Tour na Paramount Studios Reportagem. Leonardo DiCaprio. Kate Winslet.
Billy Zane. Kathy Bates. Gabriel N. Thalita B. Ronaldo B. Moreira E. Curiosidade das filmagens. O compositor James Horner afirmou que o primeiro corte bruto do filme tinha 36 horas!
Contagem de nomes Na disputa de quem disse mais o nome do outro, Rose deu uma goleada em Jack.
Mitos do Pop: Por que Titanic exagerou tanto nas mentiras? Mitos do Pop: Sete cenas cortadas que mudariam completamente os significados dos filmes.
O Destino do Poseidon. Bruce Ismay , and the American financier J. The White Star Line faced an increasing challenge from its main rivals Cunard , which had recently launched the Lusitania and the Mauretania —the fastest passenger ships then in service—and the German lines Hamburg America and Norddeutscher Lloyd.
Ismay preferred to compete on size rather than speed and proposed to commission a new class of liners that would be larger than anything that had gone before as well as being the last word in comfort and luxury.
Teutonic was replaced by Olympic while Majestic was replaced by Titanic. The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff , who had a long-established relationship with the White Star Line dating back to Cost considerations were relatively low on the agenda and Harland and Wolff was authorised to spend what it needed on the ships, plus a five percent profit margin.
Harland and Wolff put their leading designers to work designing the Olympic -class vessels. The design was overseen by Lord Pirrie , a director of both Harland and Wolff and the White Star Line; naval architect Thomas Andrews , the managing director of Harland and Wolff's design department; Edward Wilding, Andrews' deputy and responsible for calculating the ship's design, stability and trim; and Alexander Carlisle , the shipyard's chief draughtsman and general manager.
On 29 July , Harland and Wolff presented the drawings to J. Bruce Ismay and other White Star Line executives. Ismay approved the design and signed three "letters of agreement" two days later, authorising the start of construction.
Titanic was based on a revised version of the same design and was given the number All three of the Olympic -class ships had ten decks excluding the top of the officers' quarters , eight of which were for passenger use.
From top to bottom, the decks were:. Titanic was equipped with three main engines—two reciprocating four- cylinder , triple-expansion steam engines and one centrally placed low-pressure Parsons turbine —each driving a propeller.
They were heated by burning coal, 6, tons of which could be carried in Titanic ' s bunkers , with a further 1, tons in Hold 3.
The furnaces required over tons of coal a day to be shovelled into them by hand, requiring the services of firemen working around the clock.
Exhaust steam leaving the reciprocating engines was fed into the turbine, which was situated aft. From there it passed into a surface condenser , to increase the efficiency of the turbine and so that the steam could be condensed back into water and reused.
There were three, one for each engine; the outer or wing propellers were the largest, each carrying three blades of manganese-bronze alloy with a total diameter of Titanic ' s electrical plant was capable of producing more power than an average city power station of the time.
Titanic lacked a searchlight in accordance with the ban on the use of searchlights in the merchant navy. The interiors of the Olympic -class ships were subdivided into 16 primary compartments divided by 15 bulkheads which extended above the waterline.
Eleven vertically closing watertight doors could seal off the compartments in the event of an emergency. Two steam-powered steering engines were installed, though only one was used at any one time, with the other one kept in reserve.
They were connected to the short tiller through stiff springs, to isolate the steering engines from any shocks in heavy seas or during fast changes of direction.
The ship was equipped with her own waterworks, capable of heating and pumping water to all parts of the vessel via a complex network of pipes and valves.
The main water supply was taken aboard while Titanic was in port, but in an emergency the ship could also distil fresh water from seawater, though this was not a straightforward process as the distillation plant quickly became clogged by salt deposits.
A network of insulated ducts conveyed warm air, driven by electric fans, around the ship, and First Class cabins were fitted with additional electric heaters.
Titanic 's radiotelegraph equipment then known as wireless telegraphy was leased to the White Star Line by the Marconi International Marine Communication Company , which also supplied two of its employees, Jack Phillips and Harold Bride , as operators.
The service maintained a hour schedule, primarily sending and receiving passenger telegrams, but also handling navigation messages including weather reports and ice warnings.
The radio room was located on the Boat Deck, in the officers' quarters. A soundproofed "Silent Room", next to the operating room, housed loud equipment, including the transmitter and a motor-generator used for producing alternating currents.
The operators' living quarters were adjacent to the working office. This transmitter was one of the first Marconi installations to use a rotary spark-gap, which gave Titanic a distinctive musical tone that could be readily distinguished from other signals.
An elevated T-antenna that spanned the length of the ship was used for transmitting and receiving. The passenger facilities aboard Titanic aimed to meet the highest standards of luxury.
According to Titanic ' s general arrangement plans, the ship could accommodate First Class Passengers, in Second Class and 1, in Third Class, for a total passenger capacity of 2, In addition, her capacity for crew members exceeded , as most documents of her original configuration have stated that her full carrying capacity for both passengers and crew was approximately 3, Her interior design was a departure from that of other passenger liners, which had typically been decorated in the rather heavy style of a manor house or an English country house.
Titanic was laid out in a much lighter style similar to that of contemporary high-class hotels—the Ritz Hotel was a reference point—with First Class cabins finished in the Empire style.
The aim was to convey an impression that the passengers were in a floating hotel rather than a ship; as one passenger recalled, on entering the ship's interior a passenger would "at once lose the feeling that we are on board ship, and seem instead to be entering the hall of some great house on shore".
For an extra cost, first-class passengers could enjoy the finest French haute cuisine in the most luxurious of surroundings. They reflected the improved standards which the White Star Line had adopted for trans-Atlantic immigrant and lower-class travel.
On most other North Atlantic passenger ships at the time, Third Class accommodations consisted of little more than open dormitories in the forward end of the vessels, in which hundreds of people were confined, often without adequate food or toilet facilities.
The White Star Line had long since broken that mould. As seen aboard Titanic , all White Star Line passenger ships divided their Third Class accommodations into two sections, always at opposite ends of the vessel from one another.
The established arrangement was that single men were quartered in the forward areas, while single women, married couples and families were quartered aft.
In addition, while other ships provided only open berth sleeping arrangements, White Star Line vessels provided their Third Class passengers with private, small but comfortable cabins capable of accommodating two, four, six, eight and ten passengers.
Third Class accommodations also included their own dining rooms, as well as public gathering areas including adequate open deck space, which aboard Titanic comprised the Poop Deck at the stern, the forward and aft well decks, and a large open space on D Deck which could be used as a social hall.
This was supplemented by the addition of a smoking room for men and a General Room on C Deck which women could use for reading and writing. Although they were not as glamorous in design as spaces seen in upper class accommodations, they were still far above average for the period.
Leisure facilities were provided for all three classes to pass the time. As well as making use of the indoor amenities such as the library, smoking rooms, and gymnasium, it was also customary for passengers to socialise on the open deck, promenading or relaxing in hired deck chairs or wooden benches.
A passenger list was published before the sailing to inform the public which members of the great and good were on board, and it was not uncommon for ambitious mothers to use the list to identify rich bachelors to whom they could introduce their marriageable daughters during the voyage.
Built of solid English oak with a sweeping curve, the staircase descended through seven decks of the ship, between the Boat Deck to E deck, before terminating in a simplified single flight on F Deck.
At the uppermost landing was a large carved wooden panel containing a clock, with figures of "Honour and Glory Crowning Time" flanking the clock face.
It has been suggested that during the real event, the entire Grand Staircase was ejected upwards through the dome. Although Titanic was primarily a passenger liner, she also carried a substantial amount of cargo.
The Sea Post Office on G Deck was manned by five postal clerks; three Americans and two Britons, who worked 13 hours a day, seven days a week sorting up to 60, items daily.
The ship's passengers brought with them a huge amount of baggage; another 19, cubic feet In addition, there was a considerable quantity of regular cargo, ranging from furniture to foodstuffs, and a Renault Type CE Coupe de Ville motor car.
Titanic was equipped with eight electric cranes, four electric winches and three steam winches to lift cargo and baggage in and out of the holds.
It is estimated that the ship used some tons of coal whilst in Southampton, simply generating steam to operate the cargo winches and provide heat and light.
Those on the starboard side were odd-numbered 1—15 from bow to stern, while those on the port side were even-numbered 2—16 from bow to stern.
There were no davits to lower them and their weight would make them difficult to launch by hand. Lifeline ropes on the boats' sides enabled them to save additional people from the water if necessary.
Titanic had 16 sets of davits, each able to handle four lifeboats as Carlisle had planned. Therefore, the White Star Line actually provided more lifeboat accommodation than was legally required.
The sheer size of Titanic and her sister ships posed a major engineering challenge for Harland and Wolff; no shipbuilder had ever before attempted to construct vessels this size.
Harland and Wolff had to demolish three existing slipways and build two new ones, the largest ever constructed up to that time, to accommodate both ships.
It accommodated a number of mobile cranes. A separate floating crane, capable of lifting tons, was brought in from Germany.
The construction of Olympic and Titanic took place virtually in parallel, with Olympic ' s keel laid down first on 16 December and Titanic ' s on 31 March They were designed essentially as an enormous floating box girder , with the keel acting as a backbone and the frames of the hull forming the ribs.
They terminated at the bridge deck B Deck and were covered with steel plates which formed the outer skin of the ships. The 2, hull plates were single pieces of rolled steel plate , mostly up to 6 feet 1.
Above that point they were laid in the "in and out" fashion, where strake plating was applied in bands the "in strakes" with the gaps covered by the "out strakes", overlapping on the edges.
Commercial oxy-fuel and electric arc welding methods, ubiquitous in fabrication today, were still in their infancy; like most other iron and steel structures of the era, the hull was held together with over three million iron and steel rivets , which by themselves weighed over 1, tons.
They were fitted using hydraulic machines or were hammered in by hand. It is believed that, by the standards of the time, the steel plate's quality was good, not faulty, but that it was inferior to what would be used for shipbuilding purposes in later decades, owing to advances in the metallurgy of steelmaking.
Among the last items to be fitted on Titanic before the ship's launch were her two side anchors and one centre anchor. The anchors themselves were a challenge to make with the centre anchor being the largest ever forged by hand and weighing nearly 16 tons.
From there it was shipped by rail to Fleetwood in Lancashire before being loaded aboard a ship and sent to Belfast. The work of constructing the ships was difficult and dangerous.
For the 15, men who worked at Harland and Wolff at the time, [95] safety precautions were rudimentary at best; a lot of the work was carried out without equipment like hard hats or hand guards on machinery.
As a result, during Titanic ' s construction, injuries were recorded, 28 of them "severe", such as arms severed by machines or legs crushed under falling pieces of steel.
Six people died on the ship herself while she was being constructed and fitted out, and another two died in the shipyard workshops and sheds.
Pierpont Morgan, J. Bruce Ismay and , onlookers. Although Titanic was virtually identical to the class's lead ship Olympic , a few changes were made to distinguish both ships.
The most noticeable exterior difference was that Titanic and the third vessel in class, Britannic had a steel screen with sliding windows installed along the forward half of the A Deck promenade.
This was installed as a last minute change at the personal request of Bruce Ismay, and was intended to provide additional shelter to First Class passengers.
These changes made Titanic slightly heavier than her sister, and thus she could claim to be the largest ship afloat.
The work took longer than expected due to design changes requested by Ismay and a temporary pause in work occasioned by the need to repair Olympic , which had been in a collision in September Had Titanic been finished earlier, she might well have missed her collision with an iceberg.
No domestic staff appear to have been aboard. Sanderson of IMM. Bruce Ismay and Lord Pirrie were too ill to attend. Jack Phillips and Harold Bride served as radio operators, and performed fine-tuning of the Marconi equipment.
Francis Carruthers, a surveyor from the Board of Trade, was also present to see that everything worked, and that the ship was fit to carry passengers.
The sea trials consisted of a number of tests of her handling characteristics, carried out first in Belfast Lough and then in the open waters of the Irish Sea.
After a journey lasting about 28 hours she arrived about midnight on 4 April and was towed to the port's Berth 44, ready for the arrival of her passengers and the remainder of her crew.
Both Olympic and Titanic registered Liverpool as their home port. The offices of the White Star Line as well as Cunard were in Liverpool, and up until the introduction of the Olympic , most British ocean liners for both Cunard and White Star, such as Lusitania and Mauretania , sailed out of Liverpool followed by a port of call in Queenstown, Ireland.
Since the company's founding in , a vast majority of their operations had taken place out of Liverpool. However, in White Star Line established another service out of the port of Southampton on England's south coast, which became known as White Star's "Express Service".
Southampton had many advantages over Liverpool, the first being its proximity to London. In addition, Southampton, being on the south coast, allowed ships to easily cross the English Channel and make a port of call on the northern coast of France, usually at Cherbourg.
This allowed British ships to pick up clientele from continental Europe before recrossing the channel and picking up passengers at Queenstown.
Out of respect for Liverpool, ships continued to be registered there until the early s. Queen Elizabeth 2 was one of the first ships registered in Southampton when introduced into service by Cunard in Titanic 's maiden voyage was intended to be the first of many trans-Atlantic crossings between Southampton and New York via Cherbourg and Queenstown on westbound runs, returning via Plymouth in England while eastbound.
Indeed, her entire schedule of voyages through to December still exists. When the Olympic entered service in June , she replaced Teutonic , which after completing her last run on the service in late April was transferred to the Dominion Line's Canadian service.
The following August, Adriatic was transferred to White Star Line's main Liverpool-New York service, and in November, Majestic was withdrawn from service impending the arrival of Titanic in the coming months, and was mothballed as a reserve ship.
White Star Line's initial plans for Olympic and Titanic on the Southampton run followed the same routine as their predecessors had done before them.
Each would sail once every three weeks from Southampton and New York, usually leaving at noon each Wednesday from Southampton and each Saturday from New York, thus enabling the White Star Line to offer weekly sailings in each direction.
Special trains were scheduled from London and Paris to convey passengers to Southampton and Cherbourg respectively. Titanic had around crew members on board for her maiden voyage.
The original Second Officer, David Blair , was dropped altogether. Pitman was the second to last surviving officer.
Titanic ' s crew were divided into three principal departments: Deck, with 66 crew; Engine, with ; and Victualling, with The lower-paid victualling staff could, however, supplement their wages substantially through tips from passengers.
There were children aboard, the largest number of whom were in Third Class. Usually, a high prestige vessel like Titanic could expect to be fully booked on its maiden voyage.
However, a national coal strike in the UK had caused considerable disruption to shipping schedules in the spring of , causing many crossings to be cancelled.
Many would-be passengers chose to postpone their travel plans until the strike was over. The strike had finished a few days before Titanic sailed; however, that was too late to have much of an effect.
Some of the most prominent people of the day booked a passage aboard Titanic , travelling in First Class. Charles M. Hays , Mr. Henry S. Harper , Mr.
Walter D. Douglas , Mr. George D. Wick , Mr. Henry B. Harris , Mr. Arthur L. Ryerson , Mr. Allison , Mr. Alfons Simonius-Blumer, James A.
Ross, Washington Roebling 's nephew Washington A. Clark 's nephew Walter M. Pears with wife, John S. Pillsbury 's honeymooning grandson John P.
Titanic ' s owner J. Morgan was scheduled to travel on the maiden voyage but cancelled at the last minute. The exact number of people aboard is not known, as not all of those who had booked tickets made it to the ship; about 50 people cancelled for various reasons, [] and not all of those who boarded stayed aboard for the entire journey.
Titanic ' s maiden voyage began on Wednesday, 10 April Stewards showed them to their cabins, and First Class passengers were personally greeted by Captain Smith.
Additional passengers were to be picked up at Cherbourg and Queenstown. The maiden voyage began at noon, as scheduled.
Her huge displacement caused both of the smaller ships to be lifted by a bulge of water and then drop into a trough. New York ' s mooring cables could not take the sudden strain and snapped, swinging her around stern-first towards Titanic.
A nearby tugboat, Vulcan , came to the rescue by taking New York under tow, and Captain Smith ordered Titanic ' s engines to be put "full astern".
The incident delayed Titanic ' s departure for about an hour, while the drifting New York was brought under control. After making it safely through the complex tides and channels of Southampton Water and the Solent , Titanic disembarked the Southampton pilot at the Nab Lightship and headed out into the English Channel.
Both had been designed specifically as tenders for the Olympic -class liners and were launched shortly after Titanic.
Four hours after Titanic left Southampton, she arrived at Cherbourg and was met by the tenders. Twenty-four passengers left aboard the tenders to be conveyed to shore, having booked only a cross-Channel passage.
Titanic weighed anchor and left for Queenstown [] with the weather continuing cold and windy. It was a partly cloudy but relatively warm day, with a brisk wind.
In addition to the 24 cross-Channel passengers who had disembarked at Cherbourg, another seven passengers had booked an overnight passage from Southampton to Queenstown.
Among the seven was Father Francis Browne , a Jesuit trainee who was a keen photographer and took many photographs aboard Titanic , including the last-ever known photograph of the ship.
A decidedly unofficial departure was that of a crew member, stoker John Coffey, a Queenstown native who sneaked off the ship by hiding under mail bags being transported to shore.
Titanic was planned to arrive at New York Pier 59 [] on the morning of 17 April. The weather cleared as she left Ireland under cloudy skies with a headwind.
Temperatures remained fairly mild on Saturday 13 April, but the following day Titanic crossed a cold weather front with strong winds and waves of up to 8 feet 2.
These died down as the day progressed until, by the evening of Sunday 14 April, it became clear, calm and very cold. The first three days of the voyage from Queenstown had passed without apparent incident.
A fire had begun in one of Titanic 's coal bunkers approximately 10 days prior to the ship's departure, and continued to burn for several days into its voyage, [] but passengers were unaware of this situation.
Fires occurred frequently on board steamships at the time, due to spontaneous combustion of the coal.
Titanic received a series of warnings from other ships of drifting ice in the area of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Close calls with ice were not uncommon, and even head-on collisions had not been disastrous.
Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that. Five of the ship's watertight compartments were breached.
It soon became clear that the ship was doomed, as she could not survive more than four compartments being flooded.
Titanic began sinking bow-first, with water spilling from compartment to compartment as her angle in the water became steeper.
Those aboard Titanic were ill-prepared for such an emergency. In accordance with accepted practices of the time, as ships were seen as largely unsinkable and lifeboats were intended to transfer passengers to nearby rescue vessels, [] [l] Titanic only had enough lifeboats to carry about half of those on board; if the ship had carried her full complement of about 3, passengers and crew, only about a third could have been accommodated in the lifeboats.
The officers did not know how many they could safely put aboard the lifeboats and launched many of them barely half-full. Sudden immersion into freezing water typically causes death within minutes, either from cardiac arrest , uncontrollable breathing of water, or cold incapacitation not, as commonly believed, from hypothermia , [m] and almost all of those in the water died of cardiac arrest or other bodily reactions to freezing water, within 15—30 minutes.
Distress signals were sent by wireless, rockets, and lamp, but none of the ships that responded was near enough to reach Titanic before she sank.
Her journey was slowed by pack ice, fog, thunderstorms and rough seas. Later that day, confirmation came through that Titanic had been lost and that most of her passengers and crew had died.
Some of the wealthier survivors chartered private trains to take them home, and the Pennsylvania Railroad laid on a special train free of charge to take survivors to Philadelphia.
Carpathia was hurriedly restocked with food and provisions before resuming her journey to Fiume , Austria-Hungary. The ship's arrival in New York led to a frenzy of press interest, with newspapers competing to be the first to report the survivors' stories.
Some reporters bribed their way aboard the pilot boat New York , which guided Carpathia into harbour, and one even managed to get onto Carpathia before she docked.
Lloyd's paid the White Star Line the full sum owed to them within 30 days. Many charities were set up to help the victims and their families, many of whom lost their sole breadwinner, or, in the case of many Third Class survivors, everything they owned.
In New York City, for example, a joint committee of the American Red Cross and Charity Organization Society formed to disburse financial aid to survivors and dependents of those who died.
One such fund was still in operation as late as the s. In the United States and Britain, more than 60 survivors combined to sue the White Star Line for damages connected to loss of life and baggage.
Even before the survivors arrived in New York, investigations were being planned to discover what had happened, and what could be done to prevent a recurrence.
Titanic Inhaltsverzeichnis
Von der Gesellschaft wurde der Reeder für seine eigene Rettung verachtet, zur Aufklärung der Katastrophe hat er aber wertvolle Beiträge geleistet. Jean-Louis Michel und Robert Ballard führten eine Expedition durch, um mittels eines speziellen, mit Sonar Rebecca De Mornay Kameras ausgestatteten Gerätes namens Argodas mit Hilfe eines Verbindungskabels nahe über den Ozeanboden geschleppt wurde, das Wrack der Titanic zu finden. Aprilab Uhr erneut auf Reede. Greydanus: Titanic Starke Meeresströmung, Korrosion und Bakterien sorgen unaufhörlich dafür, dass auch dieses Wrack schon bald Geschichte sein wird. Juni Hasenjagd Titanic US-Dollar Mio.Titanic - Sehen Sie hier: das Wrack der Titanic im Jahr 2019
Über 1. März die Titanic auf Kiel gelegt. Solche und ähnliche Darstellungen prägten lange Zeit die Vorstellungen von der Kollision mit dem Eisberg.Titanic Regarder ce film Video
বরফের ধাক্কায় নয় এক ভয়ংকর অভিশাপে ডুবেছিল টাইটানিক! -- Untold truth behind the sinking of Titanic. Retrieved February 8, Quatre jours plus tard, il heurte un iceberg. Of the estimated 2, passengers and Die Wilden Hühner Und Die Lieber aboard, more than 1, died, making the sinking one of modern history's deadliest peacetime commercial marine disasters. Outro dos meus filmes de cabeceira. They are located Das trug mit zu der verzögerten bzw. Sie konnten nicht mehr kontrolliert zu Wasser Haus Tugendhat werden und wurden beim Untergang weggespült, dabei kam Faltboot B Titanic ins Meer. Namensräume Artikel Diskussion. Bilder des Baus der Titanic und der Getaway Deutsch zeigen Stahlplatten, die sowohl für das eine wie für das andere Schiff verwendet wurden. August in Kiel in der Ostseehalle. Hatte sich der Schiffsrumpf bislang nur verbogen, konnte er den immer stärker werdenden Kräften nun nicht mehr standhalten und Supernatural Cast in der Umgebung von Wm 2019 Alle Spiele Nummer 1 zwischen dem dritten und dem vierten Schornstein. Torsten Sense. März ; Aichach Kino am RundIt was originally believed that the iceberg had caused a long gash in the hull. After examining the wreck, however, scientists discovered that the collision had produced a series of thin gashes as well as brittle fracturing and separation of seams in the adjacent hull plates, thus allowing water to flood into the Titanic.
The exact number of people killed is unknown. Original passenger and crew lists were rendered inaccurate by such factors as misspellings, omissions, aliases, and failure to count musicians and other contracted employees as either passengers or crew members.
According to the U. The crew suffered the most casualties, with about fatalities. Third class also suffered greatly, as only of its approximately passengers survived.
The wreck of the Titanic —which was discovered on September 1, —is located at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean , some 13, feet 4, metres underwater. It is approximately nautical miles km from Newfoundland, Canada.
The ship is in two main pieces, the bow and the stern. At the time, it was one of the largest and most opulent ships in the world.
It was also considered unsinkable, due to a series of compartment doors that could be closed if the bow was breached. However, four days into its maiden voyage in , the Titanic struck an iceberg, and less than three hours later it sank.
The drama of the eyewitness accounts and the great loss of life helped make it one of the most well-known tragedies in modern history.
In the early s the transatlantic passenger trade was highly profitable and competitive, with ship lines vying to transport wealthy travelers and immigrants.
Two of the chief lines were White Star and Cunard. By the summer of , Cunard seemed poised to increase its share of the market with the debut of two new ships, the Lusitania and the Mauretania , which were scheduled to enter service later that year.
The two passenger liners were garnering much attention for their expected speed; both would later set speed records crossing the Atlantic Ocean.
Looking to answer his rival, White Star chairman J. The two men devised a plan to build a class of large liners that would be known for their comfort instead of their speed.
It was eventually decided that three vessels would be constructed: the Olympic , the Titanic , and the Britannic.
On March 31, , some three months after work began on the Olympic , the keel was laid for the Titanic. The two ships were built side by side in a specially constructed gantry that could accommodate their unprecedented size.
The sister ships were largely designed by Thomas Andrews of Harland and Wolff. In addition to ornate decorations, the Titanic featured an immense first-class dining saloon, four elevators , and a swimming pool.
Its second-class accommodations were comparable to first-class features on other ships, and its third-class offerings, although modest, were still noted for their relative comfort.
As to safety elements, the Titanic had 16 compartments that included doors which could be closed from the bridge, so that water could be contained in the event the hull was breached.
Although they were presumed to be watertight, the bulkheads were not capped at the top. The system led many to claim that the Titanic was unsinkable.
Following completion of the hull and main superstructure, the Titanic was launched on May 31, It then began the fitting-out phase, as machinery was loaded into the ship and interior work began.
In early April the Titanic underwent its sea trials, after which the ship was declared seaworthy. As it prepared to embark on its maiden voyage, the Titanic was one of the largest and most opulent ships in the world.
It had a gross registered tonnage i. The Titanic was approximately In addition, Ismay and Andrews were also traveling on the Titanic. After an hour of maneuverings to prevent the accident, the Titanic was under way.
On the evening of April 10 the ship stopped at Cherbourg , France. After some two hours the Titanic resumed its journey. On the morning of April 11 the liner made its last scheduled stop in Europe , at Queenstown Cobh , Ireland.
Titanic Reportage 2 VO. Acteurs et actrices. Leonardo DiCaprio. Kate Winslet. Billy Zane. Kathy Bates. Critiques Spectateurs.
Cette chanson de Renaud n'a rien de comparable avec ce qui vous attend! Lire plus. Chuck Carrey. Walter Mouse. Critique 2D: Titanic est sans aucun doute l'un des meilleurs films de tous les temps.
Secret de tournage. J'avais a Si vous aimez ce film, vous pourriez aimer N'oublie jamais. Autant en emporte le vent.
This allowed British ships to pick up clientele from continental Europe before recrossing the channel and picking up passengers at Queenstown.
Out of respect for Liverpool, ships continued to be registered there until the early s. Queen Elizabeth 2 was one of the first ships registered in Southampton when introduced into service by Cunard in Titanic 's maiden voyage was intended to be the first of many trans-Atlantic crossings between Southampton and New York via Cherbourg and Queenstown on westbound runs, returning via Plymouth in England while eastbound.
Indeed, her entire schedule of voyages through to December still exists. When the Olympic entered service in June , she replaced Teutonic , which after completing her last run on the service in late April was transferred to the Dominion Line's Canadian service.
The following August, Adriatic was transferred to White Star Line's main Liverpool-New York service, and in November, Majestic was withdrawn from service impending the arrival of Titanic in the coming months, and was mothballed as a reserve ship.
White Star Line's initial plans for Olympic and Titanic on the Southampton run followed the same routine as their predecessors had done before them.
Each would sail once every three weeks from Southampton and New York, usually leaving at noon each Wednesday from Southampton and each Saturday from New York, thus enabling the White Star Line to offer weekly sailings in each direction.
Special trains were scheduled from London and Paris to convey passengers to Southampton and Cherbourg respectively. Titanic had around crew members on board for her maiden voyage.
The original Second Officer, David Blair , was dropped altogether. Pitman was the second to last surviving officer.
Titanic ' s crew were divided into three principal departments: Deck, with 66 crew; Engine, with ; and Victualling, with The lower-paid victualling staff could, however, supplement their wages substantially through tips from passengers.
There were children aboard, the largest number of whom were in Third Class. Usually, a high prestige vessel like Titanic could expect to be fully booked on its maiden voyage.
However, a national coal strike in the UK had caused considerable disruption to shipping schedules in the spring of , causing many crossings to be cancelled.
Many would-be passengers chose to postpone their travel plans until the strike was over. The strike had finished a few days before Titanic sailed; however, that was too late to have much of an effect.
Some of the most prominent people of the day booked a passage aboard Titanic , travelling in First Class. Charles M.
Hays , Mr. Henry S. Harper , Mr. Walter D. Douglas , Mr. George D. Wick , Mr. Henry B. Harris , Mr. Arthur L. Ryerson , Mr. Allison , Mr. Alfons Simonius-Blumer, James A.
Ross, Washington Roebling 's nephew Washington A. Clark 's nephew Walter M. Pears with wife, John S. Pillsbury 's honeymooning grandson John P.
Titanic ' s owner J. Morgan was scheduled to travel on the maiden voyage but cancelled at the last minute.
The exact number of people aboard is not known, as not all of those who had booked tickets made it to the ship; about 50 people cancelled for various reasons, [] and not all of those who boarded stayed aboard for the entire journey.
Titanic ' s maiden voyage began on Wednesday, 10 April Stewards showed them to their cabins, and First Class passengers were personally greeted by Captain Smith.
Additional passengers were to be picked up at Cherbourg and Queenstown. The maiden voyage began at noon, as scheduled.
Her huge displacement caused both of the smaller ships to be lifted by a bulge of water and then drop into a trough.
New York ' s mooring cables could not take the sudden strain and snapped, swinging her around stern-first towards Titanic. A nearby tugboat, Vulcan , came to the rescue by taking New York under tow, and Captain Smith ordered Titanic ' s engines to be put "full astern".
The incident delayed Titanic ' s departure for about an hour, while the drifting New York was brought under control. After making it safely through the complex tides and channels of Southampton Water and the Solent , Titanic disembarked the Southampton pilot at the Nab Lightship and headed out into the English Channel.
Both had been designed specifically as tenders for the Olympic -class liners and were launched shortly after Titanic.
Four hours after Titanic left Southampton, she arrived at Cherbourg and was met by the tenders. Twenty-four passengers left aboard the tenders to be conveyed to shore, having booked only a cross-Channel passage.
Titanic weighed anchor and left for Queenstown [] with the weather continuing cold and windy. It was a partly cloudy but relatively warm day, with a brisk wind.
In addition to the 24 cross-Channel passengers who had disembarked at Cherbourg, another seven passengers had booked an overnight passage from Southampton to Queenstown.
Among the seven was Father Francis Browne , a Jesuit trainee who was a keen photographer and took many photographs aboard Titanic , including the last-ever known photograph of the ship.
A decidedly unofficial departure was that of a crew member, stoker John Coffey, a Queenstown native who sneaked off the ship by hiding under mail bags being transported to shore.
Titanic was planned to arrive at New York Pier 59 [] on the morning of 17 April. The weather cleared as she left Ireland under cloudy skies with a headwind.
Temperatures remained fairly mild on Saturday 13 April, but the following day Titanic crossed a cold weather front with strong winds and waves of up to 8 feet 2.
These died down as the day progressed until, by the evening of Sunday 14 April, it became clear, calm and very cold. The first three days of the voyage from Queenstown had passed without apparent incident.
A fire had begun in one of Titanic 's coal bunkers approximately 10 days prior to the ship's departure, and continued to burn for several days into its voyage, [] but passengers were unaware of this situation.
Fires occurred frequently on board steamships at the time, due to spontaneous combustion of the coal.
Titanic received a series of warnings from other ships of drifting ice in the area of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Close calls with ice were not uncommon, and even head-on collisions had not been disastrous.
Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that. Five of the ship's watertight compartments were breached. It soon became clear that the ship was doomed, as she could not survive more than four compartments being flooded.
Titanic began sinking bow-first, with water spilling from compartment to compartment as her angle in the water became steeper. Those aboard Titanic were ill-prepared for such an emergency.
In accordance with accepted practices of the time, as ships were seen as largely unsinkable and lifeboats were intended to transfer passengers to nearby rescue vessels, [] [l] Titanic only had enough lifeboats to carry about half of those on board; if the ship had carried her full complement of about 3, passengers and crew, only about a third could have been accommodated in the lifeboats.
The officers did not know how many they could safely put aboard the lifeboats and launched many of them barely half-full. Sudden immersion into freezing water typically causes death within minutes, either from cardiac arrest , uncontrollable breathing of water, or cold incapacitation not, as commonly believed, from hypothermia , [m] and almost all of those in the water died of cardiac arrest or other bodily reactions to freezing water, within 15—30 minutes.
Distress signals were sent by wireless, rockets, and lamp, but none of the ships that responded was near enough to reach Titanic before she sank.
Her journey was slowed by pack ice, fog, thunderstorms and rough seas. Later that day, confirmation came through that Titanic had been lost and that most of her passengers and crew had died.
Some of the wealthier survivors chartered private trains to take them home, and the Pennsylvania Railroad laid on a special train free of charge to take survivors to Philadelphia.
Carpathia was hurriedly restocked with food and provisions before resuming her journey to Fiume , Austria-Hungary. The ship's arrival in New York led to a frenzy of press interest, with newspapers competing to be the first to report the survivors' stories.
Some reporters bribed their way aboard the pilot boat New York , which guided Carpathia into harbour, and one even managed to get onto Carpathia before she docked.
Lloyd's paid the White Star Line the full sum owed to them within 30 days. Many charities were set up to help the victims and their families, many of whom lost their sole breadwinner, or, in the case of many Third Class survivors, everything they owned.
In New York City, for example, a joint committee of the American Red Cross and Charity Organization Society formed to disburse financial aid to survivors and dependents of those who died.
One such fund was still in operation as late as the s. In the United States and Britain, more than 60 survivors combined to sue the White Star Line for damages connected to loss of life and baggage.
Even before the survivors arrived in New York, investigations were being planned to discover what had happened, and what could be done to prevent a recurrence.
Inquiries were held in both the United States and United Kingdom, the former more robustly critical of traditions and practices, and scathing of the failures involved, and the latter broadly more technical and expert-oriented.
Smith also needed to subpoena all surviving British passengers and crew while they were still on American soil, which prevented them from returning to the UK before the American inquiry was completed on 25 May.
Smith, however, already had a reputation as a campaigner for safety on US railroads, and wanted to investigate any possible malpractices by railroad tycoon J.
Morgan, Titanic ' s ultimate owner. Being run by the Board of Trade, who had previously approved the ship, it was seen by some [ Like whom? Each inquiry took testimony from both passengers and crew of Titanic , crew members of Leyland Line's Californian , Captain Arthur Rostron of Carpathia and other experts.
The American inquiry concluded that since those involved had followed standard practice, the disaster was an act of God. Lord Mersey did however find fault with the "extremely high speed twenty-two knots which was maintained" following numerous ice warnings, [] noting that without hindsight, "what was a mistake in the case of the Titanic would without doubt be negligence in any similar case in the future".
The recommendations included strong suggestions for major changes in maritime regulations to implement new safety measures, such as ensuring that more lifeboats were provided, that lifeboat drills were properly carried out and that wireless equipment on passenger ships was manned around the clock.
Its final report recommended that all liners carry the system and that sufficient operators maintain a constant service. Californian had warned Titanic by radio of the pack ice that was the reason Californian had stopped for the night but was rebuked by Titanic ' s senior wireless operator, Jack Phillips.
A reasonable and prudent course of action would have been to awaken the wireless operator and to instruct him to attempt to contact Titanic by that method.
Had Lord done so, it is possible he could have reached Titanic in time to save additional lives. Lord wanted to know if they were company signals, that is, coloured flares used for identification.
Stone said that he did not know and that the rockets were all white. Captain Lord instructed the crew to continue to signal the other vessel with the Morse lamp, and went back to sleep.
Lord asked again if the lights had had any colours in them, and he was informed that they were all white.
Californian eventually responded. He got news of Titanic ' s loss, Captain Lord was notified, and the ship set out to render assistance.
She arrived well after Carpathia had already picked up all the survivors. The inquiries found that the ship seen by Californian was in fact Titanic and that it would have been possible for Californian to come to her rescue; therefore, Captain Lord had acted improperly in failing to do so.
The number of casualties of the sinking is unclear, due to a number of factors. These include confusion over the passenger list, which included some names of people who cancelled their trip at the last minute, and the fact that several passengers travelled under aliases for various reasons and were therefore double-counted on the casualty lists.
The water temperature was well below normal in the area where Titanic sank. It also contributed to the rapid death of many passengers during the sinking.
Fewer than a third of those aboard Titanic survived the disaster. Some survivors died shortly afterwards; injuries and the effects of exposure caused the deaths of several of those brought aboard Carpathia.
Similarly, five of six first-class and all second-class children survived, but 52 of the 79 in third-class perished. The differences by gender were even bigger: nearly all female crew members, first- and second-class passengers were saved.
Men from the First Class died at a higher rate than women from the Third Class. The last living survivor, Millvina Dean from England, who at only nine weeks old was the youngest passenger on board, died aged 97 on 31 May Of the victims that were eventually recovered, were retrieved by the Canadian ships and five more by passing North Atlantic steamships.
Health regulations required that only embalmed bodies could be returned to port. As a result, many third-class passengers and crew were buried at sea.
Larnder identified many of those buried at sea as crew members by their clothing, and stated that as a mariner, he himself would be contented to be buried at sea.
Bodies recovered were preserved for transport to Halifax, the closest city to the sinking with direct rail and steamship connections.
The Halifax coroner, John Henry Barnstead , developed a detailed system to identify bodies and safeguard personal possessions.
Relatives from across North America came to identify and claim bodies. A large temporary morgue was set up in the curling rink of the Mayflower Curling Club and undertakers were called in from all across eastern Canada to assist.
About two-thirds of the bodies were identified. Unidentified victims were buried with simple numbers based on the order in which their bodies were discovered.
Only bodies of Titanic victims were recovered, one in five of the over 1, victims. Some bodies sank with the ship while currents quickly dispersed bodies and wreckage across hundreds of miles making them difficult to recover.
By June, one of the last search ships reported that life jackets supporting bodies were coming apart and releasing bodies to sink. Titanic was long thought to have sunk in one piece and, over the years, many schemes were put forward for raising the wreck.
None came to fruition. The team discovered that Titanic had in fact split apart, probably near or at the surface, before sinking to the seabed.
The separated bow and stern sections lie about a third of a mile 0. They are located Both sections struck the sea bed at considerable speed, causing the bow to crumple and the stern to collapse entirely.
The bow is by far the more intact section and still contains some surprisingly intact interiors. In contrast, the stern is completely wrecked; its decks have pancaked down on top of each other and much of the hull plating was torn off and lies scattered across the sea floor.
The much greater level of damage to the stern is probably due to structural damage incurred during the sinking.
Thus weakened, the remainder of the stern was flattened by the impact with the sea bed. The two sections are surrounded by a debris field measuring approximately 5 by 3 miles 8.
Most of the bodies and clothes were consumed by sea creatures and bacteria, leaving pairs of shoes and boots—which have proved to be inedible—as the only sign that bodies once lay there.
Since its initial discovery, the wreck of Titanic has been revisited on numerous occasions by explorers, scientists, filmmakers, tourists and salvagers, who have recovered thousands of items from the debris field for conservation and public display.
The ship's condition has deteriorated significantly over the years, particularly from accidental damage by submersibles but mostly because of an accelerating rate of growth of iron-eating bacteria on the hull.
On 16 April , the day after the th anniversary of the sinking, photos [] were released showing possible human remains resting on the ocean floor.
The photos, taken by Robert Ballard during an expedition led by NOAA in , show a boot and a coat close to Titanic 's stern which experts called "compelling evidence" that it is the spot where somebody came to rest, and that human remains could be buried in the sediment beneath them.
This means that all states party to the convention will prohibit the pillaging, commercial exploitation, sale and dispersion of the wreck and its artefacts.
Because of the location of the wreck in international waters and the lack of any exclusive jurisdiction over the wreckage area, the convention provides a state co-operation system, by which states inform each other of any potential activity concerning ancient shipwreck sites, like the Titanic , and co-operate to prevent unscientific or unethical interventions.
Submersible dives in have found further deterioration of the wreck, including loss of the captain's bathtub. EYOS Expeditions executed the sub dives.
It reported that the strong currents pushed the sub into the wreck leaving a "red rust stain on the side of the sub. After the disaster, recommendations were made by both the British and American Boards of Inquiry stating that ships should carry enough lifeboats for all aboard, mandated lifeboat drills would be implemented, lifeboat inspections would be conducted, etc.
Many of these recommendations were incorporated into the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea passed in Further, the United States government passed the Radio Act of This Act, along with the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, stated that radio communications on passenger ships would be operated 24 hours a day, along with a secondary power supply, so as not to miss distress calls.
Also, the Radio Act of required ships to maintain contact with vessels in their vicinity as well as coastal onshore radio stations.
Once the Radio Act of was passed, it was agreed that rockets at sea would be interpreted as distress signals only, thus removing any possible misinterpretation from other ships.
Finally, the disaster led to the formation and international funding of the International Ice Patrol , an agency of the United States Coast Guard that to the present day monitors and reports on the location of North Atlantic Ocean icebergs that could pose a threat to transatlantic sea traffic.
Coast Guard aircraft conduct the primary reconnaissance. In addition, information is collected from ships operating in or passing through the ice area.
Except for the years of the two World Wars, the International Ice Patrol has worked each season since During the period, there has not been a single reported loss of life or property due to collision with an iceberg in the patrol area.
A Marconi wireless was installed to enable her to communicate with stations on the coast of Labrador and Newfoundland. Titanic has gone down in history as the ship that was called unsinkable.
She is commemorated by monuments for the dead and by museums exhibiting artefacts from the wreck. Just after the sinking, memorial postcards sold in huge numbers [] together with memorabilia ranging from tin candy boxes to plates, whiskey jiggers, [] and even black mourning teddy bears.
The first film about the disaster, Saved from the Titanic , was released only 29 days after the ship sank and had an actual survivor as its star—the silent film actress Dorothy Gibson.
The Titanic disaster was commemorated through a variety of memorials and monuments to the victims, erected in several English-speaking countries and in particular in cities that had suffered notable losses.
RMS Titanic Inc. It also runs an exhibition which travels around the world. They include pieces of woodwork such as panelling from the ship's First Class Lounge and an original deckchair, [] as well as objects removed from the victims.
In a frequently commented-on literary coincidence, Morgan Robertson authored a novel called Futility in about a fictional British passenger liner with the plot bearing a number of similarities to the Titanic disaster.
In the novel the ship is the SS Titan , a four-stacked liner, the largest in the world and considered unsinkable.
And like the Titanic , she sinks after hitting an iceberg and does not have enough lifeboats. Only recently has the significance of Titanic most notably been given by Northern Ireland where it was built by Harland and Wolff in the capital city, Belfast.
While the rest of the world embraced the glory and tragedy of Titanic , in its birth city, Titanic remained a taboo subject throughout the 20th century.
The sinking brought tremendous grief and was a blow to the city's pride. Its shipyard was also a place many Catholics regarded as hostile. While the fate of Titanic remained a well-known story within local households throughout the 20th century, commercial investment around RMS Titanic 's legacy was modest because of these issues.
In on the ship's centenary, the Titanic Belfast visitor attraction was opened on the site of the shipyard where Titanic was built.
Despite over 1, ships being built by Harland and Wolff in Belfast Harbour, Queen's Island became renamed after its most famous ship, Titanic Quarter in Once a sensitive story, Titanic is now considered one of Northern Ireland's most iconic and uniting symbols.
In late August , several groups were vying for the right to purchase the 5, Titanic relics that were an asset of the bankrupt Premier Exhibitions.
The group intended to keep all of the items together as a single exhibit. Oceanographer Robert Ballard said he favored this bid since it would ensure that the memorabilia would be permanently displayed in Belfast where Titanic was built and in Greenwich.
There have been several proposals and studies for a project to build a replica ship based on the Titanic. The vessel will house many features of the original, such as a ballroom, dining hall, theatre, first-class cabins, economy cabins and swimming pool.
It will be permanently docked at the resort and feature an audiovisual simulation of the sinking, which has caused some criticism.
The interior decoration of the dining salon and the grand staircase were in identical style and created by the same craftsmen. Large parts of the interior of the Olympic were later sold and are now in the White Swan Hotel, Alnwick , which gives an impression of how the interior of the Titanic looked.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from RMS Titanic. British transatlantic passenger liner, launched and foundered in For the ship's sinking, see Sinking of the Titanic.
For the film by James Cameron, see Titanic film.
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